"The last person in the shower gets cold water."
What it means: you're running out of capacity before the household is finished. Something is reducing the usable volume of the tank. Likely causes: a failed dip tube — the internal tube delivering cold water to the bottom of the tank, which when it breaks lets cold mix straight into the outgoing hot supply; heavy sediment occupying volume that should be water; or on an electric unit, a failed lower element, which leaves you with only the top portion of the tank. Good news: all three are inexpensive repairs, and this symptom is very frequently mistaken for a tank at the end of its life.
"Nobody gets any hot water at all."
What it means: the heating has stopped rather than reduced. Likely causes: on electric, a failed upper element, a thermostat, or a tripped high-limit cut-out — which trips for a reason, so repeated resetting is treating the alarm rather than the fire. On gas, a pilot or ignition failure, a failed thermocouple, or a gas control valve at the end of its life. Check first, because it's free: a tripped breaker, a closed gas valve, or a cold inlet valve someone shut during other work.
"It's fine in the morning but not in the evening."
What it means: the tank recovers overnight and can't keep up during your peak. Likely causes: recovery rate rather than failure. Heavy sediment slows heating; a partially failed element halves it. But it may also be that nothing has failed at all and the household simply demands more at once than the tank was sized for. Worth asking: has anything changed — an extra person, a new appliance, a different routine?
"Only one bathroom is lukewarm. Everywhere else is hot."
What it means: the heater is fine. This is a downstream fault at that fixture. Likely causes: a worn faucet cartridge, a mixing valve, or an anti-scald device at that outlet. Why it matters: this is the report that most often leads to an unnecessary replacement. No work on the tank will change it.
"It's lukewarm everywhere, all the time."
What it means: either the tank isn't reaching temperature, or cold water is getting into your hot supply. Likely causes: a thermostat set low or failed, sediment insulating a gas burner from the water, or crossover — a failed mixing valve or worn single-lever cartridge letting cold feed backward into the hot side. A two-minute check: shut the cold supply to the water heater and open a hot tap. If water keeps flowing, that's crossover, and it's a plumbing fault rather than a heater one.
"Somebody heard a noise from the tank."
What it means: rumbling or popping is sediment — water flashing to steam beneath a hardened layer at the bottom. It wastes energy every cycle and shortens the tank's life. Not an emergency, but a genuine warning. A flush is the cheapest response available, and it works best if it's been done all along.
"There's water on the floor."
What it means: everything depends on where it's from. Fittings, connections, the drain valve, and the relief valve discharge line are frequently repairable. Water from the tank body itself is not — a corroded tank can't be patched, and it doesn't improve. And this is the one report that has an urgency the others don't. See the safety section below.